EIEE1 ARX

Disease ID
EIEE1
Gene ID
ARX
Other gene loci (2)
EIEE1_ARXPRTS_ARX

Disease

Name
Early-infantile epileptic encephalopathy
Inheritance
X-linked recessive
Description
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy-1 (DEE1) is a severe form of epilepsy characterized by frequent tonic seizures or spasms beginning in infancy with a specific EEG finding of suppression-burst patterns, characterized by high-voltage bursts alternating with almost flat suppression phases1 .
Prevalence
Found in individuals of multiple ethnicities, including European and Asian ancestry2 .
Age of Onset(Typical)Years0  40  0
Age of Onset Details
Typical: 03,4 ; Range: 0-4; 70% of cases involve infantile spasms, leading to seizures by 3 or 4 years5 .

Locus

Details
ARX expansions6 result in a phenotypic spectrum of conditions including Partington syndrome7 , Early Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy1 , Agenesis of Corpus Callosum with Abnormal Genitalia8 , and X-Linked Lissencephaly with Ambiguous Genitalia9 , described in the literature10,11 .
Mechanism
LoF
Polyalanine expansions lead to reduction in protein product through unclear mechanism12,13 . Apparent aggregation and mis-localisation of mutan protein, increased with expansion length14 .
Year
200215
Location in Gene
Exon 2, aa 110-115
Gene Strand

Alleles

Ref. Motif
NGC
Pathogenic (ref.)
NGC
Pathogenic (gene)
CNG
BenignPathogenicUnits10  1617  27

References

Direct supporting references for info on this page.

2
Polyalanine expansion of ARX associated with cryptogenic West syndrome.
M,Kato, S,Das, K,Petras, Y,Sawaishi, W B,Dobyns
Neurology · 2003-07-22
pmid:12874418
3
ARX polyalanine expansions are highly implicated in familial cases of mental retardation with infantile epilepsy and/or hand dystonia.
Mireille,Cossée, Laurence,Faivre, Christophe,Philippe, Heifa,Hichri, Anne,de Saint-Martin, Vincent,Laugel, Nadia,Bahi-Buisson, Jean-François,Lemaitre, Bruno,Leheup, Bruno,Delobel, Bénédicte,Demeer, Karine,Poirier, Valérie,Biancalana, Jean-Michel,Pinoit, Sophie,Julia, Jamel,Chelly, Didier,Devys, Jean-Louis,Mandel
American journal of medical genetics. Part A · 2011-01-01
pmid:21204215
4
The X-linked infantile spasms syndrome (MIM 308350) maps to Xp11.4-Xpter in two pedigrees.
S,Claes, K,Devriendt, L,Lagae, B,Ceulemans, L,Dom, P,Casaer, P,Raeymaekers, J J,Cassiman, J P,Fryns
Annals of neurology · 1997-09-01
pmid:9307258
5
A triplet repeat expansion genetic mouse model of infantile spasms syndrome, Arx(GCG)10+7, with interneuronopathy, spasms in infancy, persistent seizures, and adult cognitive and behavioral impairment.
Maureen G,Price, Jong W,Yoo, Daniel L,Burgess, Fang,Deng, Richard A,Hrachovy, James D,Frost, Jeffrey L,Noebels
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2009-07-08
pmid:19587282
6
Resources for Genetics Professionals — Genetic Disorders Caused by Nucleotide Repeat Expansions and Contractions
Stephanie E.,Wallace, Lora JH,Bean
GeneReviews® [Internet] · 2022-10-20
genereviews:NBK535148
10
Unraveling the pathogenesis of ARX polyalanine tract variants using a clinical and molecular interfacing approach.
Isabel,Marques, Maria João,Sá, Gabriela,Soares, Maria do Céu,Mota, Carla,Pinheiro, Lisa,Aguiar, Marta,Amado, Christina,Soares, Angelina,Calado, Patrícia,Dias, Ana Berta,Sousa, Ana Maria,Fortuna, Rosário,Santos, Katherine B,Howell, Monique M,Ryan, Richard J,Leventer, Rani,Sachdev, Rachael,Catford, Kathryn,Friend, Tessa R,Mattiske, Cheryl,Shoubridge, Paula,Jorge
Molecular genetics & genomic medicine · 2015-02-25
pmid:26029707
11
ARX spectrum disorders: making inroads into the molecular pathology.
Cheryl,Shoubridge, Tod,Fullston, Jozef,Gécz
Human mutation · 2010-08-01
pmid:20506206
12
Clinical and neuroimaging review of triplet repeat diseases.
Ryo,Kurokawa, Mariko,Kurokawa, Akihiko,Mitsutake, Moto,Nakaya, Akira,Baba, Yasuhiro,Nakata, Toshio,Moritani, Osamu,Abe
Japanese journal of radiology · 2022-09-28
pmid:36169768
13
Sequence composition changes in short tandem repeats: heterogeneity, detection, mechanisms and clinical implications.
Indhu-Shree,Rajan-Babu, Egor,Dolzhenko, Michael A,Eberle, Jan M,Friedman
Nature reviews. Genetics · 2024-03-11
pmid:38467784
14
POLYALANINE TRACT DISORDERS AND NEUROCOGNITIVE PHENOTYPES
Cheryl,Shoubridge, Jozef,Gecz
Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet] · 2013-01-01
genereviews:NBK51932
15
Mutations in the human ortholog of Aristaless cause X-linked mental retardation and epilepsy.
Petter,Strømme, Marie E,Mangelsdorf, Marie A,Shaw, Karen M,Lower, Suzanne M E,Lewis, Helene,Bruyere, Viggo,Lütcherath, Agi K,Gedeon, Robyn H,Wallace, Ingrid E,Scheffer, Gillian,Turner, Michael,Partington, Suzanna G M,Frints, Jean-Pierre,Fryns, Grant R,Sutherland, John C,Mulley, Jozef,Gécz
Nature genetics · 2002-03-11
pmid:11889467

Additional Literature

Additional literature related to this locus.

Raw PubMed search results
(All PubMed results returned by searching for this gene, tandem repeats, and disease, in medline format)

Exploring unsolved cases of lissencephaly spectrum: integrating exome and genome sequencing for higher diagnostic yield.
Shogo,Furukawa, Mitsuhiro,Kato, Akihiko,Ishiyama, Tomohiro,Kumada, Takeshi,Yoshida, Eri,Takeshita, Pin Fee,Chong, Hideo,Yamanouchi, Yuko,Kotake, Takayoshi,Kyoda, Toshihiro,Nomura, Yohane,Miyata, Mitsuko,Nakashima, Hirotomo,Saitsu
Journal of human genetics · 2024-08-09
pmid:39123069
Clinical and genetic study of developmental and epileptic encephalopathy in Argentinean pediatric patients.
Matías,Juanes, Mariana,Loos, Gabriela,Reyes, Gabriel,Veneruzzo, Francisco Martín,García, Giovanna,Aschettino, Silvana,Calligaris, María Eugenia,Martín, María Eugenia,Foncuberta, Cristina N,Alonso, Roberto H,Caraballo
Medicina · 2022-01-01
pmid:36571524
Different types of disease-causing noncoding variants revealed by genomic and gene expression analyses in families with X-linked intellectual disability.
Michael J,Field, Raman,Kumar, Anna,Hackett, Sayaka,Kayumi, Cheryl A,Shoubridge, Lisa J,Ewans, Atma M,Ivancevic, Tracy,Dudding-Byth, Renée,Carroll, Thessa,Kroes, Alison E,Gardner, Patricia,Sullivan, Thuong T,Ha, Charles E,Schwartz, Mark J,Cowley, Marcel E,Dinger, Elizabeth E,Palmer, Louise,Christie, Marie,Shaw, Tony,Roscioli, Jozef,Gecz, Mark A,Corbett
Human mutation · 2021-05-03
pmid:33847015
Meagan S,Siehr, Cory A,Massey, Jeffrey L,Noebels
Disease models & mechanisms · 2020-03-30
pmid:32033960
ARX polyalanine expansion mutations lead to migration impediment in the rostral cortex coupled with a developmental deficit of calbindin-positive cortical GABAergic interneurons.
K,Lee, K,Ireland, M,Bleeze, C,Shoubridge
Neuroscience · 2017-06-13
pmid:28627419
Extensive phenotyping of two ARX polyalanine expansion mutation mouse models that span clinical spectrum of intellectual disability and epilepsy.
Matilda R,Jackson, Kristie,Lee, Tessa,Mattiske, Emily J,Jaehne, Ezgi,Ozturk, Bernhard T,Baune, Terence J,O'Brien, Nigel,Jones, Cheryl,Shoubridge
Neurobiology of disease · 2017-06-08
pmid:28602636
Embryonic forebrain transcriptome of mice with polyalanine expansion mutations in the ARX homeobox gene.
Tessa,Mattiske, Kristie,Lee, Jozef,Gecz, Gaelle,Friocourt, Cheryl,Shoubridge
Human molecular genetics · 2016-12-15
pmid:27798109
Polyalanine expansions drive a shift into α-helical clusters without amyloid-fibril formation.
Saskia,Polling, Angelique R,Ormsby, Rebecca J,Wood, Kristie,Lee, Cheryl,Shoubridge, James N,Hughes, Paul Q,Thomas, Michael D W,Griffin, Andrew F,Hill, Quill,Bowden, Till,Böcking, Danny M,Hatters
Nature structural & molecular biology · 2015-11-16
pmid:26571108
Dysgenesis of enteroendocrine cells in Aristaless-Related Homeobox polyalanine expansion mutations.
Natalie A,Terry, Randall A,Lee, Erik R,Walp, Klaus H,Kaestner, Catherine,Lee May
Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2015-02-01
pmid:25171319