HD HTT

Disease ID
HD
Gene ID
HTT
Updated
Feb 5, 2025
v2.2.1

Disease

Name
Huntington disease
Inheritance
Autosomal dominant
Description
Huntington disease (HD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system characterized by unwanted choreatic movements, behavioral and psychiatric disturbances and dementia1 .
Prevalence
1 10,000
6.5-15/100,0002 . 9.71-17:100,000 (European) vs. 0.1-2/100,000 (African), as many as 1 in 400 have reduced penetrance (0.2-2% for 36-38 CAG) HTT alleles3 . Found across ethnicities/ancestries, with population-dependent prevalence3 .
Age of Onset(Typical)Years1  8535  44
Age of Onset Details
Typical: 35-443 ; Range: 1-854,5 .

Locus

Details
27-35 motifs are unstable/premutations, while 36-39 motifs are associated with reduced penetrance and mild phenotypes6 . >60 motifs assocated with onset age <20 years3 . Only CAG expansions are considered pathogenic, but interruptions impact pathogenicity (e.g. CAA)7 . Only fathers with premutations are considered at risk of transmitting pathogenic alleles8 . CAG repeats in the non-HD range (>= 21 repeats) may modulate psychiatric disease risk in an age-dependent manner6
Mechanism
GoF/LoF
While the primary pathogenic mechanism is gain of function of the protein product, pathogenesis is complex and multifactorial9 .
Year
199310
Location in Gene
Exon 1
Gene Strand

Alleles

Ref. Motif
CAG
Pathogenic (ref.)
CAG
Pathogenic (gene)
AGC
BenignIntermediatePathogenicUnits6  2627  3940  250

gnomAD

References

Direct supporting references for info on this page.

1
Ontology Lookup Service (OLS)
mondo:0007739
2
Profiling of Short-Tandem-Repeat Disease Alleles in 12,632 Human Whole Genomes.
Haibao,Tang, Ewen F,Kirkness, Christoph,Lippert, William H,Biggs, Martin,Fabani, Ernesto,Guzman, Smriti,Ramakrishnan, Victor,Lavrenko, Boyko,Kakaradov, Claire,Hou, Barry,Hicks, David,Heckerman, Franz J,Och, C Thomas,Caskey, J Craig,Venter, Amalio,Telenti
American journal of human genetics · 2017-11-02
pmid:29100084
3
Huntington Disease
Nicholas S.,Caron, Galen EB,Wright, Michael R.,Hayden
GeneReviews® · 1993-01-01
genereviews:NBK1305
4
Expanding the Phenotype of Extremely Early Onset Juvenile Huntington's Disease: A Case Report and Review of Previously Published Cases.
Zöe,Powis, Jonathon,Lutz, Khalida,Liaquat, Jyes A,Querubin, Sat Dev,Batish
American journal of medical genetics. Part A · 2024-10-23
pmid:39441074
5
Huntington's disease: a clinical review.
Raymund A C,Roos
Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2010-12-20
pmid:21171977
6
Huntingtin CAG repeat size variations below the Huntington's disease threshold: associations with depression, anxiety and basal ganglia structure.
Magdalena,Vater, Nicolas,Rost, Gertrud,Eckstein, Susann,Sauer, Alina,Tontsch, Angelika,Erhardt, Susanne,Lucae, Tanja,Brückl, Thomas,Klopstock, Philipp G,Sämann, Elisabeth B,Binder
European journal of human genetics : EJHG · 2024-11-21
pmid:39572770
7
Comprehensive genetic diagnosis of tandem repeat expansion disorders with programmable targeted nanopore sequencing.
Igor,Stevanovski, Sanjog R,Chintalaphani, Hasindu,Gamaarachchi, James M,Ferguson, Sandy S,Pineda, Carolin K,Scriba, Michel,Tchan, Victor,Fung, Karl,Ng, Andrea,Cortese, Henry,Houlden, Carol,Dobson-Stone, Lauren,Fitzpatrick, Glenda,Halliday, Gianina,Ravenscroft, Mark R,Davis, Nigel G,Laing, Avi,Fellner, Marina,Kennerson, Kishore R,Kumar, Ira W,Deveson
Science advances · 2022-03-04
pmid:35245110
8
Estimating the probability of de novo HD cases from transmissions of expanded penetrant CAG alleles in the Huntington disease gene from male carriers of high normal alleles (27-35 CAG).
Audrey E,Hendricks, Jeanne C,Latourelle, Kathryn L,Lunetta, L Adrienne,Cupples, Vanessa,Wheeler, Marcy E,MacDonald, James F,Gusella, Richard H,Myers
American journal of medical genetics. Part A · 2009-07-01
pmid:19507258
9
Huntington's Disease: Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies.
Maria,Jimenez-Sanchez, Floriana,Licitra, Benjamin R,Underwood, David C,Rubinsztein
Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2017-07-05
pmid:27940602
10
A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes. The Huntington's Disease Collaborative Research Group.
Cell · 1993-03-26
pmid:8458085

Additional Literature

Additional literature related to this locus.

Raw PubMed search results
(All PubMed results returned by searching for this gene, tandem repeats, and disease, in medline format)

Comparisons of neurodegenerative disease biomarkers across different biological fluids from patients with Huntington's disease.
Alison R,Bamford, Georgia M,Parkin, Jody,Corey-Bloom, Elizabeth A,Thomas
Journal of neurology · 2025-01-23
pmid:39849121
Somatic CAG repeat expansion in blood associates with biomarkers of neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease decades before clinical motor diagnosis.
Rachael I,Scahill, Mena,Farag, Michael J,Murphy, Nicola Z,Hobbs, Michela,Leocadi, Christelle,Langley, Harry,Knights, Marc,Ciosi, Kate,Fayer, Mitsuko,Nakajima, Olivia,Thackeray, Johan,Gobom, John,Rönnholm, Sophia,Weiner, Yara R,Hassan, Nehaa K P,Ponraj, Carlos,Estevez-Fraga, Christopher S,Parker, Ian B,Malone, Harpreet,Hyare, Jeffrey D,Long, Amanda,Heslegrave, Cristina,Sampaio, Hui,Zhang, Trevor W,Robbins, Henrik,Zetterberg, Edward J,Wild, Geraint,Rees, James B,Rowe, Barbara J,Sahakian, Darren G,Monckton, Douglas R,Langbehn, Sarah J,Tabrizi
Nature medicine · 2025-01-17
pmid:39825149
Long somatic DNA-repeat expansion drives neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease.
Robert E,Handsaker, Seva,Kashin, Nora M,Reed, Steven,Tan, Won-Seok,Lee, Tara M,McDonald, Kiely,Morris, Nolan,Kamitaki, Christopher D,Mullally, Neda R,Morakabati, Melissa,Goldman, Gabriel,Lind, Rhea,Kohli, Elisabeth,Lawton, Marina,Hogan, Kiku,Ichihara, Sabina,Berretta, Steven A,McCarroll
Cell · 2025-01-16
pmid:39824182
Total functioning capacity scale in Huntington's disease: natural course over time.
K F,van der Zwaan, S,Feleus, O M,Dekkers, R A C,Roos, S T,de Bot
Journal of neurology · 2025-01-15
pmid:39812810
Genomic characterization of Huntington's disease genetic modifiers informs drug target tractability.
Kevin Lucy,Namuli, Alana N,Slike, Mason A,Hollebeke, Galen E B,Wright
Brain communications · 2025-01-11
pmid:39801710
Improving the Robustness of Deep-Learning Models in Predicting Hematoma Expansion from Admission Head CT.
Anh T,Tran, Gaby Abou,Karam, Dorin,Zeevi, Adnan I,Qureshi, Ajay,Malhotra, Shahram,Majidi, Santosh B,Murthy, Soojin,Park, Despina,Kontos, Guido J,Falcone, Kevin N,Sheth, Seyedmehdi,Payabvash
AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology · 2025-01-10
pmid:39794133
APOBEC3A deaminates CTG hairpin loops to promote fragility and instability of expanded CAG/CTG repeats.
Rebecca E,Brown, Margo,Coxon, Benjamin,Larsen, Maxwell,Allison, Ariana,Chadha, Isabelle,Mittelstadt, Tony M,Mertz, Steven A,Roberts, Catherine H,Freudenreich
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025-01-07
pmid:39772743
Evaluation of an Antisense Oligonucleotide Targeting CAG Repeats: A Patient-Customized Therapy Study for Huntington's Disease.
Sergio Adrian,Ocampo-Ortega, Vivany Maydel,Sierra-Sanchez, Citlali Margarita,Blancas-Napoles, Asdrúbal,González-Carteño, Elvia,Mera-Jiménez, Martha Edith,Macías-Pérez, Adriana,Hernandez-Guerra, Rodrigo,Romero-Nava, Fengyang,Huang, Enrique,Hong, Santiago,Villafaña
Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024-12-04
pmid:39768315